Hubble Space Telescope

Hubble Space Telescope

Mission type	Space observatory
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	1990-037B
SATCAT no.	20580
Website	www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html
Mission duration	34 years, 7 months and 23 days (ongoing)
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer	Lockheed Martin
Start of mission
Launch date	April 24, 1990
Rocket	Space Shuttle Discovery
Launch site	Kennedy Space Center LC-39A
Contractor	NASA
End of mission
Disposal	Deorbited
Decay date	2030-2040 (planned)
Great Observatories Program

Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is the first big optical space observatory telescope. Being above the atmosphere means it can see the sky more clearly than a telescope on the ground. The atmosphere blurs starlight before it reaches Earth. Named after the astronomer Edwin Hubble, the Hubble Space Telescope can observe 24 hours a day. The main mirror is 94.5 inches (2.4 meters) across. The telescope can take pictures of things so far away it would be nearly impossible to see them from anywhere else.

It was made by both NASA and the ESA working together. It is 600 km in space and was launched on April 24, 1990. Like other things in low Earth orbit it travels at 5 miles (8 km) per second. If you were going this speed on Earth, you would be able to get from New York to San Francisco in 10 minutes. This speed creates difficulty in scheduling observations.

The Hubble itself is the size of a large school bus, but still small enough to fit inside the cargo bay of a Space Shuttle. It was repaired in 1993 due to problems in the picture quality.

Launch

The telescope was launched in 1990 by a space shuttle. When it entered orbit, everything seemed fine. But there was a problem with the telescope that was not discovered until it started taking pictures.

Astronauts Musgrave and Hoffman installing corrective optics during SM1

Improvement in Hubble images after SM1

Problems

When the HST took its first pictures, astronomers were happy to see the images, but they were not as sharp and as crisp as expected. Telescopes in space can take better pictures than telescopes on Earth, but for some reason, the pictures were not better than the pictures taken on Earth. They found a problem with the telescope's mirror. The mirror was not curved right. It was only wrong by 2.2 microns (1/50th as thick as a piece of paper). Still, this was enough to cause the images to be blurred. Some said that Hubble was nearsighted.

Repair

Another space shuttle was soon sent up to repair the space telescope. The repair was not easy. The astronauts had to install some small mirrors to correct the light from the big mirror. The big mirror could still be used. It took five days of space walks. When an astronaut opened one of the doors on Hubble to install a new camera, the door would not close. The astronauts had to think of a creative way to get around the problem. Eventually, Hubble was fixed.

Repairs and servicing missions have been made to the Hubble Space Telescope five times to keep it in orbit and make it even better as technology improved. The space shuttle program was kept going longer than planned to send an extra trip up to the Hubble Space Telescope for a final fix.

Accomplishments

Sombrero Galaxy in infrared light (Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope)

• Early on, in 1994, Hubble stared at what was thought to be an empty area of space for ten days. It found there were actually many galaxies even there, but very faint and very far away. No other telescope could have seen that.
• In 2004, Hubble looked back several billion years to the first galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
• It was able to help settle the age of the universe at about 13.7 billion years. Before the Hubble, scientists only knew it was between 10 and 20 billion years old.
• It took the first picture of a planet outside our solar system, and was able to find what type of atmosphere other planets might have.

Replacement

Hubble has been replaced by the James Webb Space Telescope which is located even further from Earth. There are now other telescopes in orbit, like the Herschel Space Observatory, the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Kepler Spacecraft, which was specially made for finding Earth-like planets around other stars.

Other websites

• NASA Hubble Site
• HubbleSite (STSI)